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<TD align=right><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=#333366 size=1>by Barbara A. Olevitch, Ph.D<BR><BR><A href="http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/archives.asp?vm_id=2&aut=657">Other Articles by Barbara A. Olevitch, Ph.D</A> </FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR><!--Title, date-->
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<TD vAlign=top><FONT face="Times New Roman, Georgia, Times" color=#cc0000 size=6>Feeding Tube Decisions: The Real Ballot Box<BR></FONT></TD></TR>
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<TD vAlign=top><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=#333366 size=1>10/26/04</FONT><BR><BR></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><!--lead image, Subtitle, description-->
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<TD vAlign=top align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman, Georgia, Times" color=#333366 size=4>Americans have been making choices at the polls for over two hundred years, and we have evolved certain safeguards to protect these choices.</FONT><BR></TD></TR><!--section links-->
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<TD vAlign=top align=left colSpan=3><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2><B>In This Article...</B></FONT><BR><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=1><A href="http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/index.asp?vm_id=2&art_id=25719&sec_id=49239#section49239"><IMG height=7 src="http://www.catholicexchange.com/ius/home_images/arrow_9999CC.gif" width=7 align=middle border=0>Appreciating the Pressures</A><BR><A href="http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/index.asp?vm_id=2&art_id=25719&sec_id=49239#section49240"><IMG height=7 src="http://www.catholicexchange.com/ius/home_images/arrow_9999CC.gif" width=7 align=middle border=0>News Flash: Starvation Causes Death</A><BR><A href="http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/index.asp?vm_id=2&art_id=25719&sec_id=49239#section49241"><IMG height=7 src="http://www.catholicexchange.com/ius/home_images/arrow_9999CC.gif" width=7 align=middle border=0>The Life You Save May Be Your
Own</A><BR><BR></FONT></TD></TR>
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<P align=left><B>Appreciating the Pressures</B><BR><BR>We understand the danger that some charismatic leader backed by a few rich donors will gain undeserved votes by dominating the mass media, and we have campaign financing limitations and disclosure rules to try to avert this possibility.<BR><BR>When it comes to legislative representation, we understand the possibility that some heavily populated geographic region could come to dominate the entire country, so we divide voters into districts to give each region a voice in the legislature.<BR><BR>To prevent last-minute pressure upon the voters, we provide a zone around the polls with no electioneering.<BR><BR>Moreover, we educate our children to understand the nature of partisan politics. We train them to take active steps to find out about diverse points of view. We train them to distinguish genuine argumentation from mudslinging.<BR><BR>We have engineered similar protections for other choices that cumulatively affect our society.
We protect legislators' choices from pressure by restrictions on lobbying. Our jurors' choices are protected by special courtroom procedures to assure fairness in the way evidence is presented to them.<BR><BR>In contrast, Americans' new health care choices have been in existence for only the last few decades. These choices, although described as completely private, in actuality exert a cumulative effect upon our society, as much as the choices made at the polls. However, we have little appreciation of the possible pressures upon the families making these choices.<BR><BR>Michael Vitez, writing in the <I>Philadelphia Inquirer</I> in March, 1998 and continuing in November, 2003, describes a family who decided to put their Aunt Lena, a woman suffering from dementia, on a feeding tube. The articles quote a number of expert opinions. When we examine these opinions, we see that they are one-sided. These opinions imply that the family's decision to put Aunt Lena on a feeding tube was a
misguided "knee-jerk" guilt reaction and that, as a society, we will be faced with catastrophe if too many other families make the same choice as Aunt Lena's.<BR><BR>Are these often-quoted opinions, which form the basis for the counseling given to families making decisions at healthcare facilities, logically derived from scientific research results? Or, on the other hand, are these opinions a part of a campaign against feeding tubes whose partisan character has not been sufficiently recognized?<BR><BR>Expert opinions, in contrast to partisan statements, are often framed very cautiously, and often contain explanations of how they were derived, what possible errors they might contain, and what degree of accuracy they might be expected to have.<BR><BR>No such cautiousness characterizes the bold statement from which much of the momentum in Vitez's November 2003 article is derived: "Four million Americans today have Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. That number will double in 40
years."<BR><BR>It would be perfectly appropriate to pose the question, "What would we do if there is no medical progress at all in Alzheimer's research over the next forty years and we are faced with twice as many Alzheimer's patients?" But it is definitely not appropriate to frame this scary prediction as a certainty. Medical research moves rapidly. In forty years, Alzheimer's disease might be better controlled or better prevented. It might even be eradicated.<BR><BR>But even if the number of Alzheimer's patients doubles, why does Vitez report that "millions" of families will have to decide about feeding tubes for dementia patients? If we now have four million Alzheimer's patients and 60,000 are on feeding tubes, why wouldn't we expect in forty years to have eight million patients with 120,000 on feeding tubes?<BR><BR>The dire prediction that "millions" will be candidates is derived from the idea that "More of these people are living long enough with the disease to reach its
natural conclusion: They stop eating."<BR><BR>In other words, the panic-inducing statement that millions will be candidates for feeding tubes is actually based on two improbable assumptions:<BR><BR>(1) There will be absolutely no medical progress with Alzheimer's disease;<BR><BR>(2) There will be such incredible progress with all other diseases that even though now only 60,000 out of four million live so long that they need feeding tubes, in the future, out of eight million, millions will defy all their other diseases and live to such an advanced stage of dementia that they will require feeding tubes.<BR><BR>Rather than factual background information, these statistics are actually hypothetical disaster scenarios. </P></A><A name=section49240>
<P align=left><B>News Flash: Starvation Causes Death</B><BR><BR>Now let us examine the choice that these pessimistic prognosticators claim that millions of families will have to make. It is described as a two-way choice: feeding tube or let die.<A href="http://www.catholicoutreach.com/default.asp" target=_blank><IMG height=90 src="http://www.catholicexchange.com/vm/images/sec49131_filename.gif" width=120 align=right border=0></A><BR><BR>Once upon a time, before the movement for allowing Alzheimer's patients to die, it was also a two-way choice. Feeding tube or hand-feed. When a patient began to have choking episodes, it was a tricky medical issue. Can we save this patient from getting aspiration pneumonia by giving him a feeding tube? Unfortunately, sometimes the feeding tube itself caused infections. And some patients in some nursing homes were tied down and sedated to keep the feeding tube in, something that patient advocates hated to see done to the patient.<BR><BR>The studies
showing that aspiration pneumonia could occur in either group were used by those who were advocating that nursing homes take the trouble to hand-feed patients if at all possible.<BR><BR>In today's tight fiscal climate, in which nursing homes can't seem to pay for sufficient staff to successfully hand-feed patients, the choice is not being presented as hand-feed or tube-feed. The choice is presented as tube-feed or let die.<BR><BR>Wouldn't it be misleading to take a research finding that tube-feeding didn't prolong survival compared to hand-feeding, and use it to give families or the general public the impression that tube-feeding isn't even superior to no-feeding? Well, that's what is being done!<BR><BR>What they say in the media and to families is that feeding tubes have "no demonstrable health benefits."<BR><BR>How can this possibly be true?<BR><BR>The key is the word "demonstrable".<BR><BR>"Demonstrable" means that the benefit must be established by published medical research. If
Aunt Lena revives from a weakened state by using a feeding tube and lives a long time, that doesn't count as a demonstration because it isn't published medical research. But who could possibly do a study in which matched subjects were either nourished or deprived? This is the real reason why the "health benefits" are not "demonstrable." Not because there aren't health benefits. But because a study designed to demonstrate these health benefits would obviously result in the death of half of the subjects! Moreover the study would be unnecessary, since everyone knows that starvation causes death.<BR><BR>Have these widely disseminated pseudoscientific arguments against feeding tubes affected those who help families to make feeding tube decisions?<BR><BR>Unfortunately, the answer is yes.<BR><BR>An administrator at Aunt Lena's nursing home, discussing family reactions to withholding or withdrawing a feeding tube, says that they give these families "support, support, support. They need to
hear it 500 times, that you made the right decision. It haunts them."<BR><BR>Since these published arguments against feeding tubes are mistakenly considered to be scientific instead of partisan, those counseling families may not even realize the inappropriateness of their goal of dissuading families from using feeding tubes. </P></A><A name=section49241>
<P align=left><B>The Life You Save May Be Your Own</B><BR><BR>What about cultural differences? Don't we believe that when we counsel people, we should take into account their religious and cultural beliefs and help them to make decisions according to their own values?<BR><BR>Yes, but there is a catch to this. This principle can be perverted to work in reverse.<BR><BR>Research has shown that African-American patients are more likely to select continued life support and less likely to choose hospice or comfort care.<BR><BR>So do we respect these choices, and have workshops for healthcare personnel to better understand and respect the choices of these individuals who wish to continue life support?<BR><BR>No. It's the other way around. Instead, workshops have been organized to bring in clergy from the African-American community and immerse them in training about hospice and comfort care. They are the target for grass-roots outreach efforts to change their point of view.<BR><BR>These
efforts would be commendable if the material being conveyed was truly objective scientific information, but it is not. It is more like partisan political or even religious rhetoric. Is it appropriate for healthcare personnel on salaries supported by government funding to engage in outreach efforts that have the goal of moving right-leaning religious groups more towards the Left?<BR><BR>For medical treatments that are more accepted by the medical profession, for example, chemotherapy, medical professionals recognize the fears of the public and make sure that the information they give them about their right to refuse treatment is balanced by information that encourages the patient to continue. They refer their patients to support groups in which they can find out that it is not the end of the world to have to undergo chemotherapy. In cancer treatment centers, the walls are decorated with encouraging posters of cancer survivors that inspire patients to realize that continuing treatment
is something that they can handle.<BR><BR>When it comes to feeding tubes or ventilators, however, the situation is radically different. Dr. John Bach's research has indicated that medical professionals vastly underestimate the life satisfaction of patients on life support. They judge a patient's potential quality of life according to their own personal feelings of revulsion towards life support in spite of the fact that many people on feeding tubes and even ventilators have a high quality of life.<BR><BR>When families are making feeding-tube decisions, there is no legal requirement to expose them to various points of view. If the treatment team for their loved one happens to be biased against feeding tubes, this is the only point of view that the family will hear.<BR><BR>Unlike an election campaign, this attempt to influence the families does not come to an end. Vitez cites Arthur Caplan, who says that since the family will feel "awful and unethical," the doctor should be the one to
raise the subject of withdrawing the feeding tube every six months.<BR><BR>I don't know how long it will take before Americans truly implement the informed consent process by finding ways of balancing the input given to families making these critical choices.<BR><BR>However, in the meantime, you should realize, in case you are among those families who have to make a feeding-tube decision, that you cannot necessarily rely on the guidance of whoever happens to be assigned to your relative's case.<BR><BR>Your ideal advisor — whom you might seek by networking with others in your religious group — is someone who is on the same page religiously as your family, who understands the research literature on feeding tubes and what sorts of patients this literature actually applies to, and, furthermore, who is fully informed about the medical and legal particulars of your relative's case.<BR><BR>If a healthcare professional makes you feel that your desire to feed your relative is coming from
some archaic religious context or some neurotic inhibition, an advisor who understands your perspective can help you by showing you the flaws in the health professional's argument. This will give you the confidence you need if you wish to pursue continued medical treatment for your loved one.<BR><BR>It is also important to keep in mind that when you are making a medical decision, it affects not only your relative, but future patients as well.<BR><BR>Every decision made is like a ballot thrown into the ballot box. If you and your friends and your religious group choose to sustain your loved ones on feeding tubes, the health care facilities will have to keep some workers on the staff who are comfortable with these decisions. If not, they may begin to replace these workers with others biased in the opposite direction, making it harder for future families to sustain their relatives.<BR><BR>So even if your relative falls into a coma and never wakes up again, by sustaining him, you may
make it possible for someone else to wake up.<BR><BR>If you are inclined to sustain your loved one on a feeding tube, do not allow yourself to be convinced that you are facing a difficult test where your religious view puts you in conflict with modern science.<BR><BR>Fortunately, this is not the case.<BR><BR>Rather, you will be choosing between your religious view and a more liberalized religious view that is being passed off as science.<BR><BR>The choice is yours.<BR><BR>© Copyright 2004 Catholic Exchange<BR><BR><BR><I><A href="mailto: maolevit@artsci.wustl.edu">Dr. Olevitch </A>is a clinical psychologist and author of </I>Protecting Psychiatric Patients and Others from the Assisted-Suicide Movement: Insights and Strategies<I> (Praeger, 2002). </P></A></I></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><BR><BR><DIV>
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<DIV><EM><FONT face="Comic Sans MS" color=#0000bf>Like a deer that longs for running waters so my soul longs for you, O God.</FONT></EM></DIV></FONT></EM></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000bf><EM><FONT face="comic sans ms">Ps 42:1</FONT></EM></FONT></DIV>
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