<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><div style="" class=""><span style="" class="">The Catholic Church does not regard all of its many councils at ecumenical. See the article, Synod, in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia at</span></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;" class=""><span style="" class=""><a style="" class="" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14388a.htm">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Synod</a></span></div><div style="width:450px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';margin-top:5px; margin-bottom: 5px;" id="enhancrCard_1" class="" contenteditable="false"><table class="" style="width:450px; height:auto; position: relative; display: block;"
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody style="" class=""><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px;"> </div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;"> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size:
6pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 20pt;"> </div></td><td class="" rowspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="1"><div class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';"><div class="" style="line-height:16.5px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 414px;"><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;"><span style="" class=""></span><span style="" class=""></span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14388a.htm" class="" style="text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important;
line-height: 100%; font-size: 18px; display: block;"><span class="" style="margin: 0; font-weight: normal;margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; max-height: 43px; color: #000000; overflow: hidden !important; display: inline-block;">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Synod</span></a><div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; color: #999999; max-height: 81px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';overflow: hidden;" class="">A general term for ecclesiastical gatherings under hierarchical authority, for the discussion and decision of matters relating to faith, morals, or discipline. It corresponds to the Latin word concilium</div></div></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 6pt;"></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class=""
style="vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="" style="font-size: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14388a.htm" class="" style="color: black; text-decoration: none !important;cursor:pointer !important;" target="_blank"><span class="" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 11px; max-width: 314px; min-width: 254px; overflow: hidden; max-height: 13px; word-break: break-all;"><span class="" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">View on <span style="font-weight: bold" class="">www.newadvent.org</span></span></span></a></div></td><td class="" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 100px; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px; overflow: hidden;
text-align: right; line-height: 11px; max-height: 13px; font-size: 0pt;"><span class="" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">Preview by Yahoo</span></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 9px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 9px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 9pt;"></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;
background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;" class=""><span style="" class="">See also the article, Plenary Council, at</span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><a style="" class="" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12164c.htm">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Plenary Council</a></div><div style="width:450px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';margin-top:5px; margin-bottom: 5px;" id="enhancrCard_0" class="" contenteditable="false"><table class="" style="width:450px; height:auto; position: relative; display: block;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody style="" class=""><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 1px;
background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px;"> </div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;"> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 6pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 20pt;"> </div></td><td class=""
rowspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="1"><div class="" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';"><div class="" style="line-height:16.5px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 414px;"><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;"><span style="" class=""></span><span style="" class=""></span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12164c.htm" class="" style="text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; line-height: 100%; font-size: 18px; display: block;"><span class="" style="margin: 0; font-weight: normal;margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; max-height: 43px; color: #000000; overflow: hidden !important; display: inline-block;">CATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA: Plenary Council</span></a><div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; color: #999999; max-height: 81px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';overflow: hidden;" class="">A canonical term applied to various kinds of ecclesiastical synods.</div></div></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 6pt;"></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class="" style="vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="" style="font-size: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12164c.htm" class="" style="color: black; text-decoration: none !important;cursor:pointer !important;" target="_blank"><span class="" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 11px; max-width: 314px; min-width:
254px; overflow: hidden; max-height: 13px; word-break: break-all;"><span class="" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">View on <span style="font-weight: bold" class="">www.newadvent.org</span></span></span></a></div></td><td class="" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 100px; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px; overflow: hidden; text-align: right; line-height: 11px; max-height: 13px; font-size: 0pt;"><span class="" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">Preview by Yahoo</span></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="height: 9px;
background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 9px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 9pt;"></div></td></tr><tr style="" class=""><td class="" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><span style="" class="">In addition, please read the article, General Council, at</span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: HelveticaNeue,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><span style="" class=""><a
style="" class="" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04423f.htm">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Councils</a></span></div><div style="width:450px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';margin-top:5px; margin-bottom: 5px;" id="enhancrCard_2" class="link-enhancr-attachment link-enhancr-element" contenteditable="false"><table class="link-enhancr-element" style="width:450px; height:auto; position: relative; display: block;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr class="link-enhancr-element"><td class="link-enhancr-element" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px;"> </div></td></tr><tr class="link-enhancr-element"><td rowspan="5" class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse:
collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14pt;"> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 6pt;"> </div></td><td rowspan="5" class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 20px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 20pt;"> </div></td><td class="link-enhancr-element" rowspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:
#e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="1"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="width: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1pt;"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="link-enhancr-element" colspan="2" style="width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';"><div class="link-enhancr-text-part link-enhancr-element" style="line-height:16.5px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 414px;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;"><span class="link-enhancr-element icon icon-shrink link-enhancr-toggle"></span><span class="link-enhancr-element icon icon-close link-enhancr-delete"></span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04423f.htm" class="link-enhancr-card-urlWrapper link-enhancr-element" style="text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; line-height: 100%; font-size: 18px; display: block;"><span
class="link-enhancr-element link-enhancr-card-title" style="margin: 0; font-weight: normal;margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; max-height: 43px; color: #000000; overflow: hidden !important; display: inline-block;">CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: General Councils</span></a><div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; color: #999999; max-height: 81px; font-family: 'Georgia', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', 'serif';overflow: hidden;" class="link-enhancr-card-description link-enhancr-element">Article looking at the definition, place in church governance and short historical sketches of each council until Vatican I</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 6px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 6pt;"></div></td></tr><tr><td class="link-enhancr-element"
style="vertical-align: middle; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="font-size: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04423f.htm" class="link-enhancr-card-url link-enhancr-element" style="color: black; text-decoration: none !important;cursor:pointer !important;" target="_blank"><span class="link-enhancr-element link-enhancr-view-on" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 11px; max-width: 314px; min-width: 254px; overflow: hidden; max-height: 13px; word-break: break-all;"><span class="link-enhancr-element link-enhancr-mobile-no-resize" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">View on <span style="font-weight: bold" class="link-enhancr-view-on-domain">www.newadvent.org</span></span></span></a></div></td><td
class="link-enhancr-element" style="vertical-align: middle; width: 100px; font-family: 'Arial', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Helvetica', 'sans-serif';"><div class="link-enhancr-element link-enhancr-preview-wrapper" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px; overflow: hidden; text-align: right; line-height: 11px; max-height: 13px; font-size: 0pt;"><span class="link-enhancr-element link-enhancr-preview-by link-enhancr-mobile-no-resize" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size: 9px; line-height: 11px; color: #999999; -moz-text-size-adjust: none; -ms-text-size-adjust: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust:none; text-size-adjust:none;">Preview by Yahoo</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 9px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 9px; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 9pt;"></div></td></tr><tr class="link-enhancr-element"><td
class="link-enhancr-element" colspan="7" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="link-enhancr-element" style="height: 1px; background-color: #e5e5e5; font-size: 1px; line-height:0px"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br> </div><div>If you have any comments or questions, please let me know. <br></div><div style="" class=""> </div><div style="" class=""><b style="" class=""><font style="" class="" color="#0000ff" size="3"><div style="" class=""><font style="" class="" color="#007f40" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><b style="" class=""><em style="" class="">Art<br></em></b></font></div><div style="" class=""><span class="" style="FONT-FAMILY:Arial;COLOR:#006600;FONT-SIZE:12pt;"><font style="" class="" size="2"><b style="" class="">Turris Fortis Mihi Deus</b></font></span></div></font></b></div> <div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div style="display:
block;" class="yahoo_quoted"> <div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <div style="" class="" dir="ltr"> <font style="" class="" face="Arial" size="2"> On Sunday, August 31, 2014 9:53 PM, Stuart Gathman <stuart@gathman.org> wrote:<br style="" class=""> </font> </div> <br style="" class=""><br style="" class=""> <div style="" class=""><div style="" class="" id="yiv2834671555"><div style="" class="">
<div style="" class="">The first 7 match the 7 covered in the
book. I put "ecumenical" in scare-quotes, because I knew that
Catholics regard all their councils as ecumenical (that being
pretty much the definition of "catholic"). The Eastern Orthodox
churches only recognize the first 7, and that is why this author
calls them "ecumenical". This is a Protestant church, and it is
news to them that there were more than one. So I am not going to
push calling the remaining 14 councils "ecumenical" - although I
will of course mention that Catholics regard them so.<br style="" class="" clear="none">
<div style="" class="" id="yiv2834671555yqtfd94124"><br style="" class="" clear="none">
On 08/30/2014 11:32 PM, Art Kelly wrote:<br style="" class="" clear="none">
</div></div><div style="" class="" id="yiv2834671555yqtfd59388">
<blockquote style="" class="" type="cite">
<div class="" style="color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:10pt;">
<div class="" style=""><span class="" style="">Stuart,</span></div>
<div class="" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:13.3333px;font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;background-color:transparent;font-style:normal;"><br class="" style="" clear="none">
<span class="" style=""></span></div>
<div class="" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:13.3333px;font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;background-color:transparent;font-style:normal;"><span class="" style="">The Catholic Church has held 21 ecumenical
councils, which the New Advent website at<br class="" style="" clear="none">
</span></div>
<div class="" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:13.3333px;font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;background-color:transparent;font-style:normal;"><span class="" style=""><a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="" style="" target="_blank" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/almanac_14388a.htm">CATHOLIC
LIBRARY: The 21 Ecumenical Councils</a></span></div>
<br style="" class="" clear="none">
<br style="" class="" clear="none">
<div class="" style="display:block;">
<div class="" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:10pt;">
<div class="" style="font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;">
<div class="" dir="ltr" style=""> <font class="" style="" face="Arial" size="2"> On Saturday, August 30, 2014
7:58 PM, Stuart D. Gathman <a style="" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="" ymailto="mailto:stuart@gathman.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:stuart@gathman.org"><stuart@gathman.org></a>
wrote:<br class="" style="" clear="none">
</font> </div>
<br class="" style="" clear="none">
<br class="" style="" clear="none">
<div class="" style="">Art,<br class="" style="" clear="none">
<br class="" style="" clear="none">
This is the book I was going to use for the "ecumenical"
(before the<br class="" style="" clear="none">
east/west split) councils.<br class="" style="" clear="none">
<br class="" style="" clear="none">
<a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" class="" style="" target="_blank" href="http://www.amazon.com/Yesterday-Today-Forever-Ecumenical-Councils/dp/1886412057/">http://www.amazon.com/Yesterday-Today-Forever-Ecumenical-Councils/dp/1886412057/</a><br class="" style="" clear="none">
<br class="" style="" clear="none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="" class="" clear="none">
</div></div></div><br style="" class=""><div style="" class="" id="yqtfd10638">_______________________________________________<br style="" class="" clear="none">Apologetics mailing list<br style="" class="" clear="none"><a style="" class="" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:Apologetics@gathman.org" href="mailto:Apologetics@gathman.org">Apologetics@gathman.org</a><br style="" class="" clear="none"><a style="" class="" shape="rect" href="http://gathman.org/mailman/listinfo/apologetics" target="_blank">http://gathman.org/mailman/listinfo/apologetics</a><br style="" class="" clear="none"></div><br style="" class=""><br style="" class=""></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></body></html>