<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tr><td valign="top"><p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">What's missing from the book of Acts? More than you might think!</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">BY Jimmy Akin</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">| Posted 10/6/14 at 9:24 PM</font></font></i></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The book of Acts does not tell us the full story of early Church history. It provides only partial information.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">This is obvious from the fact that it just covers the period between A.D. 33 and 60, when it suddenly stops (providing us an important clue to when it was written).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Even within that time frame, though, it is only a partial record . . .</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The </font></font></b><b><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">How Many </font></font></i></b><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Apostles?</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">For example, the book of Acts tracks the activities of three individuals:</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Peter (ch.s 1-6, 9-12)</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Philip (ch. 8)</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Paul (ch.s 9, 11, 13-28)</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">That gives us a big clue about who Luke’s main sources were in composing the book for those parts that he didn’t personally witness (the so-called “we” passages later in the book).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Luke tells us almost nothing of the activities of the other apostles, or of other Christians, and so the book is also incomplete in that way.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">It does not give us a complete record of what even its main figures did:</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Peter vanishes from the narrative after chapter 12, except for a brief reappearance in chapter 15.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Philip has only a single chapter devoted to his activities.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">And, as we will see, Acts does not record </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">many</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> of the activities of Paul.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">It’s About Time</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Some time ago, I did a study of the flow of time in the book of Acts. Periodically Luke will provide time cues, saying that Paul spent three years in Ephesus (20:31) or that he stayed in Thessalonica for three weeks (17:1-2) or that they sailed from Mitylene and the next day arrived at Chios (20:14-15).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">As a Bible chronology geek, I couldn’t resist going through the book of Acts and making a list of all the explicit time cues—as well as providing estimates for the implicit ones (such as when Paul goes from one place to another and we can estimate how long it took based on ancient travel times and methods) and the vague ones (so if Luke says Paul spent “many days” somewhere, I might reckon that as a month).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">I wanted to add all these up and see if they fit within the chronological framework that the book as a whole covers. For example, could all of the activities ascribed to St. Paul have taken place in the years within the book that he was active?</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The good news, from an apologetic perspective, is that they do. Acts appears to cover a period of 27 years (A.D. 33 to 60), but my time estimates for the events it mentions only came to 13 years in total.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">That means that there is plenty of room in the 27 years that the book covers for all of the events Luke records—and more!</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">So Luke passes that test as a historian. He does not give us an impossible chronology.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">But he also does not give us a complete chronology.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The Perils of Paul</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">We know that the record is incomplete because of the information recorded in St. Paul’s letters. For example, in 2 Corinthians there is a famous passage where Paul is so frustrated with some of the people at Corinth that he has an epistolary meltdown, and during the course of it he says some very interesting things about what he has done in his life. He writes:</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Five times I have received at the hands of the Jews the forty lashes less one. Three times I have been beaten with rods; once I was stoned. Three times I have been shipwrecked; a night and a day I have been adrift at sea (2 Cor. 11:24-25).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">So here are the totals:</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Forty lashes minus one from the Jews: 5</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Beaten with rods: 3</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Stoned: 1</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Shipwrecked: 3</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Adrift at sea for a night and a day: 1</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">How many of these does Luke record in the book of Acts?</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Exactly Two</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The thing is, 2 Corinthians was written some time between A.D. 55 and 57 (depending on which chronology you accept).</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">No matter what, though, it was written before St. Paul went to Jerusalem for the final time, because in 2 Corinthians 9:1-5 he tells the Corinthians to be ready to make donations so that he can take them to the Jerusalem church when he makes his final visit to it.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">This visit is already underway—and he has passed the city of Corinth—by Acts 20:5-6, when St. Paul is in Troas—a city to the east of Corinth.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">2 Corinthians had to be written before this point on his final journey to Jerusalem, and so what is found in 2 Corinthians must have happened before Acts 20:5.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">This means that all the perils Paul mentioned above must occur before this point in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">But only two such perils occurs before this point:</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">One is the stoning at Lystra that occurs in Acts 14:19. This is the single stoning that Paul mentions in his list. (Another stoning, at Iconium, was attempted in 14:5, but it was apparently unsuccessful because Paul only mentions being stoned once.)</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">The second is in Acts 16:22-37, where Paul is beaten with rods at Philippi.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">That’s likely one of the three beatings he refers to in 2 Corinthians.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">But these are the </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">only</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> events in 2 Corinthians that can be referred to in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Missing Events</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">There must, from this fact, be two other beatings with rods that happened during the period that Acts covers but that are not mentioned in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">In addition, </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">all five</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> of the times that Paul received the “forty lashes minus one” from the Jews are not mentioned in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Nor are the three times he was shipwrecked, because the only shipwreck of St. Paul is mentioned in Acts 27, which is after his final journey to Jerusalem and thus after 2 Corinthians was written.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Furthermore, when that shipwreck occurs, Paul and his companions slam into a bay on the island of Malta (27:44-28:1). They do not spend a night and a day in the sea. That </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">must</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> refer to an earlier event.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">More</font></font></i></b><b><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> Missing Events</font></font></b></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">There are a number of other events mentioned in Paul’s letters that aren’t found in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Some of these are in the pastoral epistles (1-2 Timothy, Titus), but these letters may have been written </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">after</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> the book of Acts closed.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">This is not the case, however, for events found in Galatians, which was clearly written during the time period covered by Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">An example is the fifteen-day visit Paul made to Jerusalem where he saw only Peter and James the Lord’s brother (Gal. 1:18-19). That’s not in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Neither is the much more consequential visit that Peter (Cephas) made to Antioch while Paul was staying there. There were fireworks between the two during this meeting (Gal. 2:11-16), but Luke does not mention it in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">What Acts Is Missing</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">We thus see that Acts is not just a limited record of a few key figures (Peter, Phillip, Paul), it is restricted even in what it records about all of these three.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Undoubtedly, each did many more things than are recorded in Acts.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">In particular, St. Paul experienced many things that aren’t mentioned in the book even though they fell in the period it covers.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Why didn’t Luke record them?</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">In some cases, he may not have wanted to because he didn't want to distract the reader from his overall message. For example, if he included Paul's rebuke of Peter at Antioch, it could have distracted from the fundamental agreement (present both in Acts and Galatians) between Peter and Paul.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">In other cases, Luke may not have know about the event. He wasn’t by Paul’s side during the whole time of his ministry. Indeed, the first “we passage” doesn’t occur until Acts 16:10-17, so there was a lot of Paul’s ministry that he didn’t witness.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Paul may have recounted some of them to Luke, though, just as he did for the readers of 2 Corinthians.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Why wouldn’t Luke include those?</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Likely, because they would have been too repetitive for his own readers. Recording five lashings, three beatings with rods, and three shipwrecks </font></font><i><font size ="2"><font size ="2">before</font></font></i><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> we get to the one in chapter 27 could be seen as overkill.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">It also could have taken more space than Luke felt he had available to him if he were going to keep Acts approximately the same length as his Gospel. (Indeed, there might have been an early, private draft of Acts that was longer and that Luke trimmed to size in preparing the final, canonical edition.)</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Luke thus may have had good reasons for not recording everything that happened to Paul.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Still . . . it would be fascinating to know more.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2">What Now?</font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></b></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">If you like the information I've presented here, you should join my</font></font><font size ="2"><font size ="2"><a href="http://www.secretinfoclub.com/">Secret Information Club.</a></font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
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<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
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<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">He had a lot of interesting things to say!</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
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<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">Just email me at </font></font><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"><a href="javascript:return">jimmy@</a></font></font></b><b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"><a href="javascript:return"><a href="secretinfoclub.com">secretinfoclub.com</a></a></font></font></b><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> if you have any difficulty.</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2">In the meantime, what do you think?</font></font></p>
<p dir="ltr"><font size ="2"><font size ="2"> </font></font></p>
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